Texas measles cases rise to 279. Here is what you need to know.

As of Tuesday, most of the measles cases — 191 — were centered in Gaines County, about 90 minutes southwest of Lubbock on the New Mexico border.

Last month, Texas officials reported that an unvaccinated, otherwise healthy school-aged child died from measles, the first death from the virus in a decade; the family lives in the outbreak area.

This month, New Mexico officials said an unvaccinated adult in Lea County, about 50 miles away from Gaines County died with measles, but officials have not confirmed that the cause of death was the measles, according to The Associated Press.

Of the total, nearly all — 277 — of the cases reported so far involved patients who were unvaccinated. Another two patients had been vaccinated with two doses.

The West Texas measles outbreak — the largest in the state in 30 years — has spread from two cases in late January and now includes 11 counties, most of them in the rural South Plains region. Gaines County has a large Mennonite community that has traditionally had low vaccination rates.

As of March 18, the case counts are as follows, according to the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS):

• Cochran 7
• Dallam: 6
• Dawson: 11
• Ector: 2
• Gaines: 191
• Lamar 5
• Lubbock: 5
• Lynn: 2
• Martin 3
• Terry: 36
• Yoakum: 11

Measles primarily affects young people, and is especially dangerous to immunocompromised children and infants who typically aren’t vaccinated until 12 months of age.

Currently, the age demographics of the cases are as follows:

• 0-4 years: 88
• 5-17 years: 120
• 18+ years: 52
• 19 cases are pending age identification.

The Texas Department of State Health Services is warning residents in the outbreak area and surrounding communities that because measles is highly contagious more cases are expected.

What is measles? 

Measles is a virus that spreads through respiratory droplets passed through the air by breathing, coughing and sneezing. It is one of the most contagious viruses transmissible between humans — 90% of unvaccinated people will get measles if they are exposed. People infected with measles are contagious four days before they begin showing rash symptoms, and the virus can stay active in the air for up to two hours, making hospitals, schools and day cares especially high-risk.

People infected with measles can experience high fever, cold symptoms like a cough or runny nose, watery eyes and a rash all over the body. While most people recover at home, the disease can lead to serious complications and even death, especially among young children, pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems.

Patsy Stinchfield, the former president of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, worked in pediatric medicine for 45 years. She oversaw three measles outbreaks in Minnesota during her career and said they were among the sickest children she ever treated.

“They come into the emergency room and they are literally ragdolls hanging over their parents’ shoulders, limp, dehydrated, miserable,” she said. “They’re barely even crying, because they’re so dehydrated they don’t have tears.”

How do you prevent measles?  

There is an extremely safe vaccine that is over 97% effective in preventing measles. The MMR vaccine protects from measles, mumps and rubella, while the MMRV vaccine also protects against varicella, or chickenpox.

Most people receive the first dose when they are 12 months old and a second dose when they are around 5 years old, although that can be shifted earlier if there is an active outbreak.

If you are not fully vaccinated, or are unsure if you are fully vaccinated, you can get the first shot now and achieve a significant degree of immunity within two weeks. The second shot, which delivers 97% immunity, can be given 28 days after the first shot, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

If you are unvaccinated and believe you’ve been exposed to measles within the last 72 hours, getting a vaccine can lessen the impact of the illness. People who cannot receive the vaccine, such as infants, pregnant women and severely immunocompromised people, may be treated with immunoglobulin within six days of exposure to lessen symptoms.

Once someone has contracted measles, the only treatment is the management of symptoms and preventing more serious complications, such as pneumonia.

Since the measles vaccine was not a requirement to attend school until 1980, some older adults are questioning whether they have immunity.

Dr. Peter Hotez, the dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, has pointed to the CDC recommendation that if people are unsure of their immunity, they should first check their vaccination records.

If there’s no record of measles immunity, individuals should get vaccinated with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. According to the CDC, there’s no harm in getting another MMR vaccine, even if you already may be immune to measles. The MMR vaccine is considered extremely safe and is over 97% effective against measles.

Can you get sick if you’re vaccinated?

At least four people who have been infected in this current outbreak report being fully vaccinated, according to DSHS.

While people who are fully vaccinated can still contract measles, they are not at risk for severe illness and are much less likely to spread the virus. According to the CDC, people with both vaccine shots, those who have previously had measles or those who were born before 1957 are presumed immune from measles.

Has anyone died during this outbreak? 

According to state officials on Feb. 26, a school-aged child, who was unvaccinated, died after being hospitalized the week prior. The child's family lives in the outbreak area.

On March 6, New Mexico officials said an unvaccinated adult in Lea County, about 50 miles away from Gaines County, died with measles, but officials have not confirmed the cause of death was the measles, according to The Associated Press.

State officials have not confirmed when the last person in Texas died from measles prior to 2025.

Where else in Texas have there been measles cases this year? 

There have been four additional cases of measles this year that are not being counted in the above totals because they are not considered part of the West Texas outbreak. Two cases were reported in Houston in January, one reported in February in Rockwall County involving an adult who had traveled internationally and another reported in February in Austin involving an unvaccinated infant who became infected while traveling overseas. The baby's parents were vaccinated, and local officials do not believe anyone else locally had been exposed.

Austin officials said it was its first measles case in 24 years.

“The time we have been preparing for is here,” Austin Mayor Kirk Watson said during a news conference.“I want to emphasize to everyone listening that vaccination remains the best defense against this highly contagious and deadly disease."

Watson said there is an effort to raise the vaccination rate in Travis County, including through low-cost or free programs like Shots for Tots, Big Shots and mobile clinics. Travis County had the lowest percentage of kindergarteners with the measles vaccine — 89.6% — among Texas counties with at least 100,000 people, according to 2023-24 state data.

“We are here to simply say measles can kill, ignorance can kill, and vaccine denial definitely kills,” U.S. Rep. Lloyd Doggett said during the news conference, adding the need for people to be vaccinated against measles before spring break travels and massive SXSW festival begins.

Do we know how measles arrived in Gaines County?

Texas Department of State Health Services officials say they do not know that information yet.

I thought we fixed measles. What happened? 

The measles vaccine is one of the great achievements in modern medicine. It is so effective, and was so widely adopted, that the U.S. declared measles eliminated in 2000. But as anti-vaccination sentiment increased, vaccination rates dropped, and the disease made a resurgence.

While the vast majority of children in the U.S. get the MMR vaccine on time, certain communities have shied away from it for religious or cultural reasons, creating pockets of vulnerability for the virus to take hold. In 2017, Minnesota saw a measles outbreak in its growing Somali community, and in 2019, measles tore through the Orthodox Jewish community in New York City and neighboring counties, eventually infecting more than 650 people.

In Texas, the virus has been concentrated in the Mennonite community in Gaines County. One of the county’s local public school districts with only 143 students, according to 2023-24 school year data, has the highest school vaccine exemption rate in the state — 48% of Loop school district students have conscientious exemptions from required vaccinations. In 2023-24, less than half of all Loop kindergartners — 46% — were given the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, according to state data.

Two other school districts in Gaines County had higher vaccination rates. Seagraves, with 512 students, had 94% of its kindergartners vaccinated against measles and Seminole, with 2,976 students, had 82% of its kindergartners vaccinated.

In tight-knit communities with low vaccination rates, a measles outbreak should be “somewhat expected,” said Kathleen Page, an associate professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

But vaccination rates have been dropping nationally and in Texas, well beyond these communities that have traditionally abstained, leaving a wider swath of the population open to infection. In 2019, almost 97% of Texas kindergartners were vaccinated against measles, compared to 94% in 2024, according to the CDC.

When was the last time Texas had a measles outbreak?

In 1992, Texas had an outbreak that grew to 990 cases. That was the last outbreak larger than this, although in 2013, there was an outbreak with 27 cases and in 2019, an outbreak with 23 cases.

This is a 99.9% decrease from the pre-vaccine high point, in which almost 86,000 Texans got measles in 1958.

What do we know about Gaines County’s Mennonite community? 

The tight-knit Mennonite community in Gaines County, mostly centered on the town of Seminole, has been hardest hit. Members of this Anabaptist religious order aim to maintain separation from the modern world, in language, school and dress.

They settled in West Texas from Mexico in 1977, drawn there because “large blocks of land were available, population was not concentrated, and private schools were not heavily regulated,” according to the Texas State Historical Association.

Many of the families home-school or send their children to small private schools, and do not maintain regular contact with the health care system, Texas Department of State Health Services spokesperson told Anabaptist World. Mennonites, and their Anabaptist brethren, the Amish, had very low uptake of the COVID vaccine.

Who is most vulnerable to measles?

Infants under the age of 12 months who haven’t yet been vaccinated, pregnant women and immunocompromised children are extremely vulnerable to measles and should take extra precautions during an outbreak.

In Ector County, where an infant fell ill with measles, health department director Garcia commended the family for taking action to get their child tested.

“A lot of times measles can be hard to detect as a parent,” Garcia said. “This mother did everything I would do – she took him to the doctor, and as he didn’t get better, she took him back. That’s when they did the testing.”

These vulnerable populations are not protected by the vaccine the way most children and adults are, so they’re relying on everyone else to keep them safe, Stinchfield said. Especially when it comes to babies, “they’re voiceless,” she said.

“They can’t say, ‘Everyone get vaccinated.’ They don’t get a say, but they’re the ones that are the first to suffer the consequences,” she said. “The community around them are the ones that are supposed to put those shields on and encircle them and protect them by protecting themselves.”

How bad can a measles infection get? 

So far, 13 people have been hospitalized with measles in Texas. Some have been able to be treated in Gaines County, while at least three have been sent to Lubbock for a higher level of care, Albert Plinkington, CEO of the Seminole Hospital District told Texas Standard.

Many people hospitalized for measles can be treated for dehydration and fever, and then sent to recover at home. But in serious cases, children may need higher levels of care. Stinchfield said she had a patient end up on a ventilator in the intensive care unit for 15 days. The patient survived but will have lifelong medical complications due to lung damage.

“Those of us who have stood next to that child in an ICU fighting measles need to express to parents how devastating it is for the parent and how much regret they have,” she said.

What are state and local agencies doing to manage this? 

The Texas Department of State Health Services is working with the South Plains Health District and Lubbock Public Health, as well as local hospitals and health care providers, to manage the outbreak. The state is assisting with contact tracing, in which they try to identify who may have been in contact with someone who tested positive and letting them know they have been exposed.

They are encouraging unvaccinated people who have been exposed to isolate for 21 days, and if it is within 72 hours of the exposure, get vaccinated to offset some of the symptoms. The South Plains Public Health District is offering measles vaccines at its clinic in Seminole. Approximately 100 people had been vaccinated in recent days, a DSHS spokesperson said in February.

The CDC also announced on March 4 that officials were in Texas to help local leaders respond to the outbreak. Those extra personnel will provide support for one to three weeks.

A measles response takes a huge amount of time and effort from state and local health authorities. It can cost between $2.7 million and $5.3 million to respond to a measles outbreak, according to the CDC, compared to the relatively negligible cost of vaccinations.